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Adolphe de Werdinsky,〔Also written as: Adolph, Werdinskey; Werdinski; Wardinski; Wordenskoi; Werdenskoi〕 (1803–1856) was a central European, according to accounts written at his death, a displaced Polish nobleman, who had served under Józef Bem, and was subsequently exiled. Other sources show him as a manipulator and predator upon women and a fraud. Several details about his life are uncertain, both his nobility and military service were questioned by other Polish refugees in his lifetime. He was involved in several cases involving assaults on women including sexual assaults, and was involved in cases against himself relating to fraud or attempted fraud: he was put in debtors' prison in 1837, and in 1844 was found bankrupt during a case in which he was brought to court for attempting to defraud a woman of her inheritance. He was also involved in a failed invention for an engine powered by gun-cotton. In 1850, after a case of assault on his adopted daughter was found to be true he moved from London, to Southampton, then Hull; renamed himself Dr. Beck, he moved to Hull in around 1855, and died in 1856, in abject poverty, of heart and lung problems, and starvation. A tombstone was erected on his behalf in 1857 in the Hull General Cemetery, inscribed as the Count de Werdinsky.〔"Count Adolphe de Werdinsky or Dr David Beck?", Transcript of the grave inscription 2〕 ==Biography== According to accounts published on his death, Adolphe de Werdinsky was born in 1803, in Worden castle, near the Carpathian mountains, near a town called ''Galatzia'' (see Galicia, Eastern Europe). The only son of a Polish general, Count Adolphe de Werdinsky, and a Polish princess who died in childbirth; he had a private education at home, and showed aptitude for languages, becoming fluent in several.〔, reproduced abridged in (The Gentleman's magazine, v.201, p.654 ) 〕 According to his obituary, his father was killed by a cossack in Russia, at which point he inherited his father's estate and title. He attained a degree of Physician in Vienna, but became involved in a revolutionary movement,〔The newspaper obituaries state an "anti-Austrian" movement, but the date and earlier statements suggest it was related to the 1830 anti-Russian November Uprising.〕 and was betrayed; as a result he lost his property, leaving him without an income, and was forced to escape the county disguised as a shepherd. He lived in Spain, before returning to Austria, believing it safe to return, but was unable to recover his property.〔〔 According to his own account from his 1844 trial he had been forced to leave Poland in 1830/1 due to his resistance to Russian occupation.〔 In 1835 as a result of arguments leading to challenges for a duel between Werdinksy and other persons, several reports were published in London newspapers on the subject. As a result Werdinsky's status as a Polish nobleman, as his claim to have been a Polish officer was called into question.〔"Count Adolphe de Werdinsky or Dr David Beck?", "The Affair of Honour"〕 A request was made to publish a 'caution to the public' concerning Werdinsky in the Times: In 1837, in London, England he was imprisoned due to a debt of £11 10 shillings. He was found bankrupt in 1844 during a trial;〔"Count Adolphe de Werdinsky or Dr David Beck?", Werdinsky's Finances〕 in 1844 a case was brought on behalf of an Esther Elizabeth Atlee who it was claimed had been defrauded by Werdinsky into giving him £2000, by misrepresenting himself, and entering into her affections.〔"Count Adolphe de Werdinsky or Dr David Beck?", Atlee v. Werdinsky (1844)〕 An Adolphe de Werdinsky was involved in several cases and investigations in England involving violence against women:〔"Count Adolphe de Werdinsky or Dr David Beck?", Werdinsky's Criminal Record〕 he was also charged with sexual violation of a twelve-year-old girl whilst in prison in 1844, but the case was not pursued;〔The Era, 18th. Aug. 1844〕 also an assault of a female servant in 1845,〔The Times, 16 December 1845〕 the accusation did not proceed to a formal indictment; he had also been arrested in 1835 for an indecent assault, which was dismissed as being a case of impersonation.〔The Times, 3 Oct & 24 October 1835〕 In 1847 an argument of the cleaning of shoes led to a charge of physical assault against his landlady, a Mrs. Cundy.〔〔Bristol Mercury, 15th. Sep. 1846〕 He also took an interest in a patent of Sir James Anderson, 1st Baronet, and a William Fenton, Part 7 of Patent 11273.), relating to the use of gun cotton (''xyloidine'') in a type of internal combustion engine.〔 〔Sources: * *〕 The proposed engine involved igniting a ribbon of the xyloidine directly in an intermediate diameter copper sphere, which acted as a muffler for the percussion of the initial ignition; the pressured gas obtained would then be used to drive pistons avoiding the use of a large boiler. The invention was never built;〔 Werdinsky's invention was discussed in a series of letters in the ''Mining Journal'', with many responding sceptically, stating the corrosive nature of the gases produced from gun cotton combustion, as well as the cost of the material, as barriers to success.〔Sources: *"Count Adolphe de Werdinsky or Dr David Beck?", Wonders in Locomotion — New Motive Power * *〕 Werdinsky's claims were well publicised and were eventually satirised in Punch. In 1850 a case was brought against him of beating Mary Ann Richards (born c.1835), who he had adopted in 1845. In January 1851 a jury found a true bill against him on the charge of assault.〔〔"Count Adolphe de Werdinsky or Dr David Beck?", Werdinsky and Mary Ann Richards (or The Queen v. Adolph de Werdinski)〕 He then began work as a physician in Southampton, practising under the name of Dr. Beck, but was unsuccessful due to the lack of an English diploma. He married a much younger woman in Southampton, who was sometimes assumed to be his domestic servant. After a short period in the Netherlands he moved to Kingston upon Hull (c.1855); there he attempted to earn a living teaching German at the Mechanic's Institute, but was unsuccessful in obtaining students. In Hull though lacking money he kept this situation secret. He briefly worked as a ''locum tenens'' for a Dr. Archbald.〔 The Werdinskys' fate was such abject poverty that they lacked money to buy food, and had no possessions in the house which could be sold. Visitors had been excluded from the house and their situation was generally unknown until shortly before Adolpe de Werdinsky died; he had attempted to hide his impoverished state. His death was attributed to heart and lung diseases, which were generally thought to have been exacerbated or caused by his starvation. He died 22 September 1856.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Count de Werdinsky」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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